Global and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry 9, 137–150. (2022).
Global burden of 369. diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204–1222. (2020).
Delbari, A. et al. Evaluation of sleep quality and related factors in community-dwelling adults: Ardakan cohort study on aging (ACSA). J. Res. Health Sci. 23, e00591. (2023).
Google Scholar
Maddalena, N. C. P., Lucchetti, A. L. G., Moutinho, I. L. D., Ezequiel, O. & Lucchetti, G. d. S. Mental health and quality of life across 6 years of medical training: A year-by-year analysis. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 70, 298–307. (2024).
Vogt, T., Pope, C., Mullooly, J. & Hollis, J. Mental health status as a predictor of morbidity and mortality: A 15-year follow-up of members of a health maintenance organization. Am. J. Public Health 84, 227–231. (1994).
Google Scholar
Brådvik, L. Suicide risk and mental disorders. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 15. (2018).
Ross, R. E., VanDerwerker, C. J., Saladin, M. E. & Gregory, C. M. The role of exercise in the treatment of depression: Biological underpinnings and clinical outcomes. Mol. Psychiatry 28, 298–328. (2023).
Google Scholar
Almutairi, A. F. et al. The prevalence and associated factors of occupational stress in healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Gen. Med. 809–816. (2024).
Kakemam, E. et al. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress and associated reasons among Iranian primary healthcare workers: A mixed method study. BMC Prim. Care. 25, 40. (2024).
Google Scholar
Harvey, S. et al. Depression and work performance: An ecological study using web-based screening. Occup. Med. 61, 209–211. (2011).
Google Scholar
Martin, J. K., Blum, T. C., Beach, S. R. & Roman, P. M. Subclinical depression and performance at work. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 31, 3–9. (1996).
Google Scholar
Word Health Organization: Mental health at work (2022). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-at-work.
Molarius, A. et al. Mental health symptoms in relation to socio-economic conditions and lifestyle factors—a population-based study in Sweden. BMC Public. Health 9, 302. (2009).
Google Scholar
Yu, Y. & Williams, D. R. Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health151–166 (Springer, 1999).
Schelleman-Offermans, K. et al. Socio-economic inequities in mental health problems and wellbeing among women working in the apparel and floriculture sectors: Testing the mediating role of psychological capital, social support and tangible assets. BMC Public. Health. 24, 1157. (2024).
Google Scholar
Mohamadi, E. et al. Impacts of economic sanctions on population health and health system: A study at national and sub-national levels from 2000 to 2020 in Iran. Glob. Health 20, 81. (2024).
Google Scholar
Hemmati, M., Tabrizy, S. S. & Tarverdi, Y. Inflation in Iran: An empirical assessment of the key determinants. J. Econ. Stud. 50, 1710–1729. (2023).
Google Scholar
Poustchi, H. et al. Prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran (the PERSIAN cohort study): Rationale, objectives, and design. Am. J. Epidemiol. 187, 647–655. (2017).
Google Scholar
Nedjat, S. et al. Prospective cohort study on the social determinants of health: Tehran university of medical sciences employees` cohort (TEC) study protocol. BMC Public. Health. 20, 1703. (2020).
Google Scholar
Nedjat, S. et al. Prospective cohort study on the social determinants of health: Tehran university of medical sciences employeescohort (TEC) study protocol. BMC Public. Health. 20, 1–7 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lovibond, S. H. & Lovibond, P. F. Depression anxiety stress scales. Psychol. Assess. (1995).
Lovibond, S. H. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (Psychology Foundation of Australia, 1995).
Sartipi, M., Nedjat, S., Mansournia, M. A., Baigi, V. & Fotouhi, A. Assets as a socioeconomic status index: Categorical principal components analysis vs. latent class analysis. Arch. Iran. Med. 19, (2016).
Moreno-Betancur, M., Latouche, A., Menvielle, G., Kunst, A. E. & Rey, G. Relative index of inequality and slope index of inequality: A structured regression framework for estimation. Epidemiology 26, 518–527. (2015).
Google Scholar
Kakaei, H. et al. High prevalence of mental disorders: a population-based cross-sectional study in the City of Ilam, Iran. Front. Psychiatry 14 (2023).
Hemmati, F. et al. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress in nurses working in Iranian hospitals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol. Review/Przegląd Epidemiologiczny 75 (2021).
Niemeyer, H., Bieda, A., Michalak, J., Schneider, S. & Margraf, J. Education and mental health: Do psychosocial resources matter? SSM Popul. Health 7, 100392. (2019).
Google Scholar
Al-al, A. The association between workplace bullying and the mental health of Jordanian nurses and its predictors: A cross-sectional correlational study. J. Workplace Behav. Health 40, 65–83. (2025).
Google Scholar
Bahrami, M. et al. Epidemiology of mental health disorders in the citizens of Tehran: A report from Tehran cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 23, 267. (2023).
Google Scholar
Noorbala, A. A. et al. Survey on mental health status in Iranian population aged 15 and above one year after the outbreak of COVID-19 disease: A population-based study. Arch. Iran. Med. 25, 201–208. (2022).
Google Scholar
Otte, C. et al. A meta-analysis of cortisol response to challenge in human aging: Importance of gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, 80–91. (2005).
Google Scholar
Sheikh, M. A., Abelsen, B. & Olsen, J. A. Clarifying associations between childhood adversity, social support, behavioral factors, and mental health, health, and well-being in adulthood: A population-based study. Front. Psychol. 7, 727. (2016).
Google Scholar
Yousefzade, S. H., Pilafkan, J., Rouhi Balasi, L., Hosseinpour, M. & Khodadady, N. Prevalence of mental disorders in the general population referring to a medical educational center in Rasht, Iran. JOHE 3, 32–36. (2014).
Google Scholar
Kajantie, E. & Phillips, D. I. The effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31, 151–178 (2006).
Google Scholar
Kudielka, B. M. & Kirschbaum, C. Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review. Biol. Psychol. 69, 113–132. (2005).
Google Scholar
Douma, S. L., Husband, C., O’Donnell, M. E., Barwin, B. N. & Woodend, A. K. Estrogen-related mood disorders: Reproductive life cycle factors. ANS Adv. Nurs. Sci. 28, 364–375. (2005).
Google Scholar
Solomon, M. B. & Herman, J. P. Sex differences in psychopathology: Of gonads, adrenals and mental illness. Physiol. Behav. 97, 250–258. (2009).
Google Scholar
Bebbington, P. E. Sex and depression. Psychol. Med. 28, 1–8 (1998).
Google Scholar
Galos, D. R. & Coppock, A. Gender composition predicts gender bias: A meta-reanalysis of hiring discrimination audit experiments. Sci. Adv. 9, eade7979. (2023).
Google Scholar
Joshi, A., Oh, S. & DesJardine, M. A. New perspective on gender bias in the upper echelons: Why stakeholder variability matters. Acad. Manage. Rev. 49, 322–343. (2023).
Google Scholar
Azaraeen, S., Memarian, S. & Fakouri, E. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders and the related demographic factors among the patients referred to comprehensive health centers in Jiroft 2017. J. Jiroft Univ. Med. Sci. 7, 422–431 (2020).
Morasae, E. K. et al. Understanding determinants of socioeconomic inequality in mental health in Iran’s capital, Tehran: A concentration index decomposition approach. Int. J. Equity Health 11, 18. (2012).
Google Scholar
Zhang, R., Feng, D., Xia, J. & Wang, Y. The impact of household wealth gap on individual’s mental health. BMC Public Health 23, (1936). (2023).
Owens, C. & Hadley, C. The relationship between mental well-being and wealth varies by wealth type, place and sex/gender: Evidence from Namibia. Am. J. Hum. Biol. e24064. (2024).
Glise, K., Ahlborg, G. & Jonsdottir, I. H. Course of mental symptoms in patients with stress-related exhaustion: Does sex or age make a difference? BMC Psychiatry 12, 18. (2012).
Google Scholar
Höglund, P., Hakelind, C. & Nordin, S. Severity and prevalence of various types of mental ill-health in a general adult population: Age and sex differences. BMC Psychiatry 20, 209. (2020).
Google Scholar
Patel, V. et al. Income inequality and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association and a scoping review of mechanisms. World Psychiatry 17, 76–89. (2018).
Google Scholar
Williams, D. R., Yan, Y., Jackson, J. S. & Anderson, N. B. Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J. Health Psychol. 2, 335–351. (1997).
Google Scholar
Halpern-Manners, A., Schnabel, L., Hernandez, E. M., Silberg, J. L. & Eaves, L. J. The relationship between education and mental health: New evidence from a discordant twin study. Soc. Forces. 95, 107–131. (2016).
Google Scholar
Ritsher, J. E. B., Warner, V., Johnson, J. G. & Dohrenwend, B. P. Inter-generational longitudinal study of social class and depression: A test of social causation and social selection models. Br. J. Psychiatry 178, s84–s90. (2001).
Google Scholar
link